CC&R
Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions are the rules governing land use in private communities. Typically drafted by a Homeowners Association, Realtors, Lenders or Developers to guard the property value of homes in the community by regulating everything from paint color, landscaping to placement of possessions outside the home.
CUL DE SAC
A cul de sac is a "dead end" or "closed end" street, which produces closure and discontinuity usually to deter crime and exclude parameter access into the community.
FIRE ZONE
Fire Zone. Many streets that Dead end are sometimes declared fire zones on which parking is prohibited. Unless you have a driveway, you are not able to park. Fire hydrants are often placed directly in front of the only parking spot available at public landings thereby excluding those coming from outside the neighborhood wishing to park and visit the city.
GATED
The gates that guard gated communities offer one of the more obvious examples of how to keep out "undesirables". Though statistically there is little evidence that gated communities are safer then non gated, the perception that they are has led to more Americans living in them each year.
GOLF COURSE
As legal scholar Lior Jacob Strahilevitz points out, a golf course is another type of "exclusionary amenity". Strahilevitz writes that during the 1980s and 1990s, as African Americans began moving to the suburbs in growing numbers, the number of "mandatory membership" residential golf communities in the US grew significantly. At the time, golf was the most racially segregated warm weather, mass participation sport in america. In 1997, 93.4 percent of all US golfers were Caucasian while just 3.1 percent were African American.
HOUSING VOUCHER
The large scale use of housing vouchers began in 1966, when Dorothy Gautreaux and 43,000 other Chicago public housing tenants sued the Chicago Housing Authority and the Federal Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for discrimination. This case eventually led to the Gautreaux Demonstration Project, where people were given vouchers to move from inner city public housing to private housing all over the Chicago metropolitan area, city and suburbs. Today, housing vouchers are among the most progressive weapons in the arsenal of Inclusion as they give the poor access to low poverty communities with good access to jobs, education and health. -Damon Rich
LOT SIZE
Minimum Lot Size is used by suburban municipalities to exclude affordable and public housing. The poor would not be able to afford large lot sizing.
PARKING PERMIT
Residential parking permits create restricted parking districts and exclude the larger public from specific areas. While Residential Parking Permits make sense in congested areas, they are often established and enforced in very low traffic neighborhoods that have plenty of street parking available, especially wealthy ones that are next to poor ones.
PASSES
Residential passes restrict neighborhood parks & recreation along with clubs, libraries and resource centers create exclude the larger public from specific areas.
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTION AGREEMENT
If, under an inclusionary zoning provision a developer is required to set aside a percentage of the units for affordable housing, the developer can in some states enter into an agreement with a separate municipality and effectively pay it to build the units. These agreements are called Regional Contribution Agreements. They are dubious because forcing affordable housing away from wealthier housing discourages a mixture of areas and only serves to reinforce ghettoization.
SCHOOL DISTRICT
The stellar reputation of some public schools can segregate family households from non family households especially in ub´rban areas, When a family is in a good district, the money mom and dad save not having to send their children to a private school is tacked on to the colst of housing. This in turn results in a self sorting. People who don't have kids find that is not worth their while to live in the district, and opt to live somewhere else where rent is cheaper.
TRAFFIC FLOW
"One Way", "Dead End", "No Outlet" streets, along with street diversions such as turnabouts, speed bumps & limits are all ways to control City/Suburban borders.
ZONING
Zoning has a strong impact on the ways cities grow. Development regulations can be very strict or flexible depending on the city/suburb goals. These zoning regulations shape the city and suburbs quickly by controlling placement of single family homes, mixed use development, multi unit housing, commercial buildings & parks.